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The Epic Interactive Encyclopedia 1998
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Epic Interactive Encyclopedia, The - 1998 Edition (1998)(Epic Marketing).iso
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Guatemala
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1992-09-03
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Country in Central America, bounded N and NW
by Mexico, E by Belize and the Caribbean Sea,
SE by Honduras and El Salvador, and SW by the
Pacific Ocean. government The 1985
constitution provides for a single-chamber
national assembly of 100 deputies, 75 elected
directly by universal suffrage, and the rest
on the basis of proportional representation.
They serve a five-year term. The president,
also directly elected for a similar term,
appoints a cabinet and is assisted by a vice
president, and is not eligible for
re-election. There is a multiplicity of
political parties, the most significant being
the Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party
(PDCG), the Centre Party (UCN), the National
Democratic Co-operation Party (PDCN), the
Revolutionary Party (PR), the Movement of
National Liberation (MLN), and the Democratic
Institutional Party (PID). history Formerly
part of the Maya empire, Guatemala became a
Spanish colony 1524. Independent from Spain
1821, it then joined Mexico, becoming
independent 1823. It was part of the Central
American Federation 1823-39, and was then
ruled by a succession of dictators until the
presidency of Juan Jose Arevalo 1944, and his
successor, Col Jacobo Arbenz. Their socialist
administrations both followed programmes of
reform, including land appropriation, but
Arbenz's nationalization of the United Fruit
Company's plantations 1954 so alarmed the US
government that it sponsored a revolution,
led by Col Carlos Castillo Armas, who then
assumed the presidency. He was assassinated
1963 and the army continued to rule until
1966. There was a brief return to
constitutional government until the military
returned 1970. The next ten years saw much
political violence, in which it was estimated
that over 50,000 people died. In the 1982
presidential election the government
candidate won but opponents complained that
the election had been rigged, and before he
could take office, there was a coup by a
group of young right-wing officers, who
installed General Rios Montt as head of a
three-man junta. He soon dissolved the junta,
assumed the presidency, and began fighting
corruption and ending violence. The
anti-government guerrilla movement was,
however, growing, and was countered by
repressive measures by Montt, so that by 1983
opposition to him was widespread. After
several unsuccessful attempts to remove him,
a coup led by General Mejia Victores finally
succeeded. Mejia Victores declared an amnesty
for the guerrillas, the ending of press
censorship, and the preparation of a new
constitution. This was adopted 1985 and in
the elections which followed, the PDCG won a
majority in the congress as well as the
presidency, Vinicio Cerezo becoming
president. In 1989 an attempted coup against
Cerezo was put down by the army. The army,
funded and trained by the USA, has wiped out
662 rural villages and killed more than
100,000 civilians since 1978, and 40,000
people disappeared between 1980 and 1989. Two
per cent of the population own over 70% of
the land; 87% of children under the age of
five suffer from malnutrition.