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- Country in Central America, bounded N and NW
- by Mexico, E by Belize and the Caribbean Sea,
- SE by Honduras and El Salvador, and SW by the
- Pacific Ocean. government The 1985
- constitution provides for a single-chamber
- national assembly of 100 deputies, 75 elected
- directly by universal suffrage, and the rest
- on the basis of proportional representation.
- They serve a five-year term. The president,
- also directly elected for a similar term,
- appoints a cabinet and is assisted by a vice
- president, and is not eligible for
- re-election. There is a multiplicity of
- political parties, the most significant being
- the Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party
- (PDCG), the Centre Party (UCN), the National
- Democratic Co-operation Party (PDCN), the
- Revolutionary Party (PR), the Movement of
- National Liberation (MLN), and the Democratic
- Institutional Party (PID). history Formerly
- part of the Maya empire, Guatemala became a
- Spanish colony 1524. Independent from Spain
- 1821, it then joined Mexico, becoming
- independent 1823. It was part of the Central
- American Federation 1823-39, and was then
- ruled by a succession of dictators until the
- presidency of Juan Jose Arevalo 1944, and his
- successor, Col Jacobo Arbenz. Their socialist
- administrations both followed programmes of
- reform, including land appropriation, but
- Arbenz's nationalization of the United Fruit
- Company's plantations 1954 so alarmed the US
- government that it sponsored a revolution,
- led by Col Carlos Castillo Armas, who then
- assumed the presidency. He was assassinated
- 1963 and the army continued to rule until
- 1966. There was a brief return to
- constitutional government until the military
- returned 1970. The next ten years saw much
- political violence, in which it was estimated
- that over 50,000 people died. In the 1982
- presidential election the government
- candidate won but opponents complained that
- the election had been rigged, and before he
- could take office, there was a coup by a
- group of young right-wing officers, who
- installed General Rios Montt as head of a
- three-man junta. He soon dissolved the junta,
- assumed the presidency, and began fighting
- corruption and ending violence. The
- anti-government guerrilla movement was,
- however, growing, and was countered by
- repressive measures by Montt, so that by 1983
- opposition to him was widespread. After
- several unsuccessful attempts to remove him,
- a coup led by General Mejia Victores finally
- succeeded. Mejia Victores declared an amnesty
- for the guerrillas, the ending of press
- censorship, and the preparation of a new
- constitution. This was adopted 1985 and in
- the elections which followed, the PDCG won a
- majority in the congress as well as the
- presidency, Vinicio Cerezo becoming
- president. In 1989 an attempted coup against
- Cerezo was put down by the army. The army,
- funded and trained by the USA, has wiped out
- 662 rural villages and killed more than
- 100,000 civilians since 1978, and 40,000
- people disappeared between 1980 and 1989. Two
- per cent of the population own over 70% of
- the land; 87% of children under the age of
- five suffer from malnutrition.
-